St. Paul's Cathedral in the City of London from Tate Modern

London, as the best global city, has a strong influence on a wide range of areas: art, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transportation. It is also the world's leading financial center as well as New York, and its GNP was ranked fifth in the world in 2014, making it the largest in Europe. It is also the center of global culture. London is the most visited city in the world, and as a single metropolitan area, it has the largest number of passengers in the world. In Europe, it is the most crowded city of higher education with 43 universities in London. Along with the London Olympics held in 2012, it became the third Olympic Games held in 1908 and 1948, making it the largest city in history.

London has a cultural diversity and uses more than 300 languages. In March 2011, the official population of London was 8,174,100, the largest of the European City Population, and accounting for 12.7% of the total population in the United Kingdom. The urban area of Greater London has 8,278,251 people, the second largest in Europe after the urban area of Paris, and the population of the urban area of London ranges from 12 million to 14 million, the largest in Europe. London was the largest city in the world from 1831 to 1925. According to statistics released by MasterCard in 2012, London is the world's most visited city for foreign tourists.

It is said to be the capital of England, but like many other capitals, there is no document that clearly shows its status as the capital of London.

Place name

londinium range

The origin of London is not clear. The ancient name of the temple dates from the second century. In 121, there is a record of Londinium, which originated from the Romano-British culture. The first theory is the History of the Great Britannia of the Jeffrey of Monmouth, which is now being neglected. One theory of the name was assumed by Rudd, and according to his claim, the king occupied the city and named it Kaerlud.

Since 1898, the origin of the word is generally sought in the Celtic language which means 'a land owned by a man called Londinos', but this theory is denied. In 1998, Richard Coates, a linguist, presented a theory that the word originated from (p)lowonida in Old Celtic language. (p) lowonida means "a river too wide to cross" and is proposed to refer to the Thames River which runs east and west through London. The name was changed to Lowonidonjon in the form of Celtic, which became the name of the village. However, this theory required a major revision. The possibility that the Welsh language name has been borrowed from English, and that it is difficult to rebuild and use the original name from the basics can be eliminated. Until 1889, the name 'London' was officially applied only to City of London, but it is now used to represent County of London.

The Chinese characters used are 'Rinton' (Ethics and Conduct), but there are some examples of 'Ryudo' (Ryudo) around the Meiji period. When modern Chinese is written in Pinyin style with the alphabet, Rinton is called 'lundun' and Ryuto is called 'longdong.' It is possible that it was a foreign expression introduced from Qing that described it as ryudo.

Prehistoric period

The remains of a settlement of Britons of the Celtic line are seen scattered around London. The first large reclaimed land was built by the Roman Empire in 43. This development continued for 17 years, but around 1961, it was attacked and burned by the Ikeni people led by Budica. Another theory says that around 1103 B.C., Brutus, a grandson of the Trojan royal family, moved from Italy with a group of Trojans and London was built as 'New Troy.' After the fall of Troy around 1200 BC, Einaias, a member of the Trojan royal family, moved to Italy with Trojan immigrants, and married the daughter of Latinus, the king of Latin. Brutus is the grandson of Aias.

The next city prospered and replaced Colchester, the capital of Britannia, in 100 A.D. In the second century, London, under Roman rule, had a population of 60,000.

Two recent discoveries have shown that London has been inhabited from long before it was thought. In 1999, a bronze bridge was found on a sandy beach to the north of the Vauxhall Bridge. The bridge was either over the Thames or across an island in the river which is now dead. In tree science, wood dating back to 1500 B.C. is used. In 2010, a large wooden building dating back to 4,500 B.C. was found on the beach on the south side of the Vauxhall Bridge. Although it is not known to function in the Mesolithic period, it can be seen at the low tide of 30 centimeters in the range of 50 meters ×10 meters. The two structures are at the natural confluence of the Thames and Efra rivers on the south coast, and are four kilometers above the City of London in the Roman era. It shows that there were at least hundreds of communities with the labor, trade and stability required to build these structures.

medieval

Around 1300, the area of the city was within the urban wall.

World Heritage Site Westminster Temple Paintings (Canaletto, 1749 A.D.)

In the early fifth century, Rome virtually abandoned London. Since the 6th century, the Anglo-Saxon settlements were built slightly west of the old Romans' cities, and the current Covent Gardens and London, with a population of between 10,000 and 12,000. However, the religious center is Canterbury, and London is the only place on this side where the dust falls. It is thought that there was a port that flourished from fishing and trade at the mouth of the Fleet River, but from the viewpoint of defense from the Viking, it was forced to move to Londinium in the east to use the old urban wall of the Romans. The Vikings' attack continued to increase until King Alfred concluded in 886 a peace treaty between Gatham, a leader of the Danes, and Wadmore. The Anglo-Saxon Lundenvic Lundenwic was renamed Erdovic Ealdwic, which means 'the old city', and its name remains in the present Old Witch of Westminster. London, which had already become the country's largest city in the 10th century and was the most important in trade, became even more politically important by the unification of England. In addition, he was confronted with a struggle with Winchester, a traditional center of Wessex.

In the 11th century, Edward Confessor built a temple in Westminster, and lived in Westminster, a place slightly upstream of the City. From this perspective, Westminster had steadily robbed City of its role in government. On Christmas Day in 1066, the Duke of Normandy Guillaume II, who won the Battle of Hastings and conquered England, on Christmas Day in 1066, ascended to the throne as William I, King of England at Westminster Temple. William I built the White Tower (later the Tower of London) to the southeast of the City and oppressed the public. In 1097, William II built the Westminster Hall, the foundation of the Westminster Palace, near Westminster Abbey. In the 12th century, each organization of the central government, which had been accompanied by the Imperial Court, which had been traveling all over the country, was gradually fixed in one place, increased in size and refined. In many cases, the government was concentrated in Westminster, but the state's functions were placed in the Tower of London. While Westminster functioned as the capital, City had developed into England's largest commercial city with autonomous functions. Backed by its economic power, City acquired the right to elect mayors in the 12th and 13th centuries and the right to have its own court, and from the middle of the 14th century, City Council was elected and it maintained its independence as a highly autonomous city independent of the sovereignty. The population had grown to 18,000 in 1100 and 100,000 by 1300.

In the middle of the 14th century, there was a plague, and the population decreased by about a third. In 1381, the Wat Tyler Rebellion occurred.

Early modern times

Great London Fire

In the Tudor era, as the transition to Protestantism accompanied with the reformation of religion gradually advanced, the church became private. Unprocessed wool fabrics were exported to the Netherlands area. The main use of the fabric was clothes for the wealthy in continental Europe. However, the shipping companies of England at that time hardly advanced into the sea other than Northwest Europe. The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean was usually via Antwerp or the Alps Mountains. In marine transportation, the route was via the Strait of Gibraltar, as was the merchant of Italy and Dubrovnik. The resumption of trade between the Netherlands and England in 1565 quickly brought active trading. In 1566, the Royal Exchange was established. Mercantilism progressed and Imperial sanction companies including British East India Company were established and trade expanded to the new world. The port of London increased its importance in the North Sea and migrants from both home and abroad came to Japan. The population in 1530 was estimated to be 50,000, and in 1605, it increased to 225,000.

In the 16th century, William Shakespeare and a London playwright who lived in his time, all of a sudden, put a dent in the development of theaters, including the Renaissance theater in England. Until the end of the Tudor dynasty in 1603, London was still a very small city. In 1605, a plot to assassinate James I occurred. In the early 17th century, 1665 - 1666, the plague was epidemic and killed 100,000 people or one-fifth of the population. In 1666, the Great London Fire broke out in the City Pudding Lane, and about 85% of the houses in the city were burned down. Under the direction of architect Robert Hook, it took ten years to rebuild London. In 1708, St. Paul's Cathedral, Christopher Len's masterpiece, was completed. In the Hanover era, a new city including Mayfair was formed in the west, and a new bridge was built over the Thames River to promote the development of the southern coast. In the East, the port of London was extended towards the Docklands downstream of the Thames.

In 1762, George III gained control of the Buckingham House, and the residence continued to expand for 75 years. In the 18th century, London had a high crime rate, and in 1750, Bow Street Runners was established as London's first professional police. Over 200 crimes in total were sentenced to death, and women and children were hanged for small-scale theft. More than 74% of children born in London died under age five. As the Coffee House became popular as a place to share ideas, the improvement of literacy and printing technology to spread news among the general public improved and Fleet Street became the center of the press.

This is a quote from Samuel Johnson of 1777. "He who is tired of London is tired of life. London has everything that life can give."

modern age

London under German air raids during World War II

Around 1831 to 1925, London was the largest city in the world. Cholera became very popular due to its extremely high population density, and 14,000 people died in 1848, and 6,000 died in 1866. In particular, the latest fad in August 1854 was compiled in a non-fiction book called "Twelve Days in Broad Street." In 1855, the Capital Construction Committee was established. Traffic jams increased and the Tokyo Metropolitan Construction Commission oversaw the infrastructure development. The world's first public railway network, the London Subway, has opened. The Capital Construction Committee became the London County Assembly in 1889 and functioned as the administrative organization that controlled the entire city of London. During World War II, 30,000 Londoners were killed in air strikes by the German Air Force, including The Blitz, and many buildings in the city were destroyed. In 1948, just after the end of the war, the London Olympics were held at the first Wembley Stadium, and at the same time, the post-war revival was performed only slightly.

In 1951, the Festival of Britain was held at South Bank. In 1952, the Air Purification Act (1956) was introduced as a countermeasure against London Smog, and London, which was ridiculed as the 'City of Fog,' was a thing of the past, but air pollution problems still remain. After the 1940s, a large number of immigrants entered London. Many of them are from the UK Federal Member States. Among them are Jamaica, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, which are among the leading factors in London's diversity.

Since the mid-1960s, London has become the center of the world's youth culture. In the Kings Road, Chelsea, and Carnerby Street regions, styles such as swing London became popular. The role of the center of transmission was revived in the era of Punk Rock and in 1965, the Greater London Council, which expanded its jurisdiction, was established with the expansion of the urban area of London. In connection with the Northern Ireland issue, an IRA interim bomb attack occurred in London. The issue of racial discrimination gained attention in the 1981 Brixton riots. After World War II, the population of Greater London gradually decreased. The population was estimated to be 8,615,245 in 1939 at its peak, but in the 1980s, the population was down to about 6,800,000. The Docklands' Canal Wharf project also has moved London's main ports to downstream ports such as Felix Stow and Timberley. In addition, London's role as an international financial center has been on the rise due to the Canary Wharf redevelopment project.

In the 1980s, Thames Barrier was completed to prevent the inflow of seawater from North Sea due to high tide and prevent flooding. In 1986, the Greater London Council was abolished and London became the only major city in the world where no central administrative organ existed. In 2000, the Greater London Authority, which is the governing authority of Greater London, was established. The Millennium Dome, London Eye, and Millennium Bridge were built as part of the Millennium Memorial Project. In 2005, the London simultaneous bombing occurred and the subway cars and buses were blown up. In 2012, the 30th Olympics were held. It is the third Olympic Games held in 1908 and 1948, and it is the largest city ever.

The city was recognized as the world's top city in the comprehensive world city ranking announced by the American think tank in 2017.

In 2020, French President Emmanuel Macron awarded him the Legion d'Honneur.

City Hall

Greater London, which comprises 32 special wards including the City of Westminster, also comprises City of London. Greater London is composed of the Mayor of London and the London Parliament elected. The mayor of London has administrative power, and the London Parliament will scrutinize whether or not the Mayor's annual budget will be approved. The headquarters in Greater London is in the City Hall of Southwark, and the current mayor is Sadik Khan. The mayor's statutory strategy plan has been released as a London plan, and the latest has been revised in 2011.

Among Greater London, the 13 wards of City and Center are called Inner London, and the 19 wards of the outer edge are called Outer London. In 1965, the Greater London Council was established as a wide-area local government that controlled the entire Greater London, but it was abolished in 1986 due to the Thatcher administration's reform of local administration. After the abolition of the Greater London Council, each ward was in a state called 'Unitary' and functioned as a council-level administrative organization. However, the Greater London Authority was established in 2000 by a referendum under the Blair government, and the mayor of Greater London was elected directly. Ken Livingston, the first mayor of Japan, made an effort to secure public safety and traffic, London's main policy issue, but lost the election with Boris Johnson in 2008 and Johnson became the second mayor. The city has had a self-governing body since the medieval period, and has chosen the mayor of London called Lord Mayer, but now the mayor of the city is an honorary position. In England, a town (Town) traditionally has a cathedral (a large temple) is called a city (City), and in City of London, there is St. Paul's Cathedral and in City of Westminster, there is Westminster Temple. On the other hand, Southwark has a cathedral, but since the 16th century it has been called Special Ward, not City.

Special wards are responsible for local planning, school, social welfare assistance, community road development and garbage collection, the most popular administrative service. Government services such as garbage collection are jointly provided by several special wards through organizations such as the London Cleaning Office. In 2009-2010, the combined revenue and expenditure of London and Greater London was 22 billion pounds, of which 14.7 billion pounds was a special ward and 7.4 billion pounds was Greater London.

Greater London's security is being carried out by the Metropolitan Police Department of London under the Mayor's Chamber of Public Safety. The City of London has its own City Police Force. The British Railway Police are responsible for the National Rail and the London Underground.

Under the British Fire Service Law, the London Fire and Disaster Management Agency is the world's fifth largest fire department under the jurisdiction of Greater London. Ambulance services are managed by London Emergency Service (LAS), the largest free ambulance service in the world. The London Air First Aid is run in partnership with LAS for charity. The British Coast Guard and the Royal Life Boat Association are operated on the Thames.

government agency

London has many offices around Westminster Palace as the capital of the British government. It is especially concentrated in the neighborhood along the White Hall, including 10 Downing Street in the Prime Minister's Office. The British Parliament was called 'Mother of Parliament' and this nickname was first used by John Bright for England itself. It is a model of the parliamentary cabinet system.

Range

the extent of London The dark green is Greater London, the light green is Central London, and the red is City of London. M25 surrounds Greater London.

Greater London is the top government, with the London Borough covering it. The small City of London once included all the blocks, but the City of London Municipality tried to integrate it with the suburbs. "London" was defined for different purposes, and was once legally debated. 40% of Greater London is covered by the London Post Counter, and the postal address is in the range 'LONDON'.

Satellite photographs of London

map of Central London

The London area code (020) covers a wide area, like Greater London, and some of the outer areas are off, but some of the outer areas are included. The inside of the M25 motorway is usually considered to be London, and the Greater London range is changing (en). The urban area is now protected by the Metropolitan Green Belt, but it is divided into Greater London urban areas. Beyond that, it is a vast London Commuter Belt.

Greater London is divided into inner and outer London for several purposes. The City is divided by the Thames into North London and South London, where, formally, Central London is on the inside. The center of London was originally located near the junction of Winchester and Trafalgar Square at Eleanor Cross in Charing Cross, and latitude 51 degrees 30 minutes 26 seconds north and longitude 00 degrees 07 minutes 39 seconds west and latitude 51.50722 degrees north and longitude 0.12750 degrees west/ 51.50722 degrees west; -0.12750.

urban status

The City of London and the City of Westminster have City status, and the City of London remains as a Courtesy Counter separate from Greater London. The former states of Middlesex, Kent, Sally, Essex and Hartfordshire have been incorporated into Greater London.

London's status as the capital of England and later England is not recognized by law or books. However, through the Constitution Council, the position was established as a substantial capital in the British constitution. During the 12th and 13th centuries, the capital of England became the capital of the nation's political center after the royal palace was permanently moved from Winchester to London due to the development of the Westminster Palace.

Geographical features

Primrose's Hill

Greater London has an area of 1,583km² (611 sq mi), and the population is 7,172,036 as of 2001, with a population density of 4,542 per km2. The larger the area is called the Greater London Metropolitan Area or the Greater London Metropolitan Area Dense Body, and the area is 8,382km² (3,236 sq mi), the population reaches 12,653,500, and the population density is 1,510 people/km2. Modern London is located on the Thames. It is a feature of the Thames, which is navigable and traverses the London City from southwestern to eastern. The Thames is a floodplain and the surrounding area is a gently hilly land. including Palemento Hill, Adington Hill and Primrose Hill. The Thames River used to be wider, shallow, and swampy, and at high tide, the banks were five times as large as normal.

Since the Victorian era, the Thames had a wide embankment and many branches of London are now flowing underground. The Thames is a river that is affected by the current and is vulnerable to flooding. The threat increases slowly and continuously at a high tide level over time. This was due to the gradual British restoration of the late glacial crust. In 1974, a 10-year plan to prevent threats started to build Thames barrier across the Thames at Woolridge. The barrier has been designed to function until 2070, and further expansion and redesign discussions have already been held.

climate

It is a West Bank marine climate, similar to many regions in southern England. Since the temperature of spring to summer is low compared to that of Japan, the season from autumn to winter is relatively long, but the climate is mild throughout the year. Although it is relatively cold in winter, the average temperature in January is about six degrees Celsius, which is almost the same as in Tokyo and Osaka in Japan, and which is comparatively warm in terms of high latitude compared to the regions in Northern Europe and the Continent. However, it is not uncommon for daily changes to occur, with a minimum temperature of 8~9°C or a maximum temperature of 1~2°C. The hours of daylight in winter are short and days of cloudy weather continue. The frost in the suburbs forms an average of two weeks between November and March. Snow falls usually occur from December to February, 4-5 times, and even if the snow falls heavily, it is about 10cm. It rarely snows in March or April, but it is seen every two or three years. Winter temperatures are rarely more than -4 °C (24.8 °F) or 14°C (57.2°F). It could be affected by cold waves from the North Pole and North Europe, which were relatively close to the Pacific Ocean, and in the winter of 2010, a minimum temperature of -14°C (6.8°F) was recorded at Nosalt in the suburbs, and the heavy snow once in 20 years was seen, which greatly disrupted the transportation system in London. In summer, the temperature is lower than in Japan's summer, and even in midsummer, a coat is sometimes required because it is below 15°C at night. It is sometimes hot, but it is rarely more than 30°C. The heat island makes temperatures 5°C (9°F) higher in the center of London than in the suburbs. In London, the average summer temperature is 24°C (75.2°F), with 7 days exceeding 30°C (86.0F) a year and 2 days exceeding 32°C (89.6°F). Temperatures above 26°C (80°F) can be seen from mid-June to late August. It is affected by heat waves from the continent, and in 2003, the European heat (English version) exceeded 30°C (86.0°F) for 14 consecutive days and exceeded 38°C (100.4°F) for two consecutive days. Hundreds of people have died from the heat. Rain can be seen in the range of two to ten days during the summer. In spring and autumn, the seasons are mixed, so measures against the cold may be necessary in May-June and September-October. On October 1, 2011, the temperature reached 30 degrees C (86.0 degrees F), and in April 2011, 28 degrees C (82.4 degrees F) was reached. However, in recent years, it sometimes snows on the month with the highest temperature. The London temperature range is -10°C (14.0 °F) to 37.9°C (100.2°F).

Although London has a reputation for being a rainy city, the amount of rainfall in London is actually less than that of Rome's 834 mm (32.8 in) or Bordeaux's 923 mm (36.3 in). At least, the amount of rainfall itself feels heavy rain due to the number of days of rainfall.

Also, as it is called 'the City of Fog,' there is a large number of days of mists that occurred during the year.

district

City of London† City of Westminster Kensington and Chelsea Hammersmith and Fulham Wansworth Lambeth Southwark Tower Hamlet Hackney Islington Camden Brent Ealing Hounslow Richmond upon Thames Kingston upon Thames Merton

Sutton Croydon Bromley Louissham Greenwich Bexley Havering Barking and Dagenham Red Bridge New Am Waltham Forrest Harlingye Infield Barnett Harrow Hillingdon

In London, the area name is often used, for example, Bloomsbury, Mayfair, and White Chapel, because the area has a vast urban area. These are all informal names representing villages that were absorbed by the expansion of the city, parishes, and old wards before Greater London. These names still remain, and they represent each area or characterize their own area, but they are not officially used today. Since 1965, London has been divided into 32 autonomous areas, including the old City of London. The City of London is the financial center of London, and the Canary Wharf has been redeveloped in recent years and has become a new financial and commercial hub. On the east side is Docklands. The West End attracts tourists in London's entertainment and shopping center. West London is an area with high quality residential properties, with a real estate price of 10 million pounds. The average price of Kensington and Chelsea's property is 894,000 pounds, which is similar to most Central London.

East End of London is close to the former port of London, known for its high immigrant population and one of the poorest neighborhoods in London. In the northeastern part of London, where industrial development took place in the early period and is now redeveloped as part of the Brownfield (polluted area), the Thames Gateway includes London Riverside and Low Lee Valley, which include the Olympic Park for the 2012 Olympics and the Paralympics.

a London panorama from London Eye

The City of London and Canary Wharf, each of the skyscrapers and the panoramic scenery of central London, including the Shard, are panoramic. June 2012

building

30 St. Mary Ax

The London architecture is varied with age. Many large buildings and public buildings such as the National Gallery are made of limestone called Portland Stone. In some parts of the urban area, especially in the west and central areas, buildings characterized by make up and make up (stucco) and water make up can be seen. In Central London, a few buildings before the Great London Fire occurred in 1666 are seen, and there are few traces of ancient Rome. A few Tudor-style buildings, which were scattered in the Tower of London and the City, still remain. Moreover, the oldest Tudor Palace remaining in England during the Tudor period, the Hampton Court Palace, was built in 1515 by Cardinal Thomas Ulsie.

Christopher Len's church and financial institution buildings in the late 17th century, royal exchanges in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Bank of England, Old Bailey in the early 20th century, and the Babican Estate in the 1960s form part of architectural heritage. The Batasi Power Plant, built in 1939, is located on the southwest side of the Thames River and is no longer in use, but it has become a local landmark and is scheduled for redevelopment. At the railway terminal station, St. Pancras Station and Paddington Station are established as typical examples of Victorian architecture (neo-Gothic style). In London, the density of buildings varies from region to region; in Central London, there is a high population of workers, and in Inner London, there is a high density of houses. Outer London has a low density.

The monument of the Great London Fire in the City is built near the scene to commemorate the Great London Fire. The Marble Arch and Wellington Arch are on the north and south sides of the Park Lane of City of Westminster. The Albert Memorial and the Royal Albert Hall of South Kensington have a connection with the royal family. The Nelson Memorial is one of the London-centered focus areas, built on Trafalgar Square to commemorate the achievements of Admiral Horatio Nelson. The old buildings were mainly built of bricks, mostly of yellowish London stock bricks or bright oranges and red lines, and carvings and plasters were made.

Buckingham Palace

In most densely-packed areas, middle and high rise buildings are built. The skyscrapers in London include 30 Cent Mary Ax, 42 Towers, Broadgate Towers, and One Canada Square, which can be seen in the two financial districts of City of London and Canary Wharf. Tall buildings are restricted to specific locations to protect the scenery of historic buildings such as St. Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings. Still, many skyscrapers can be seen in central London, including the Shard (310 meters), the tallest building in England. Other buildings that characterize London include the British Library and the City Hall of Southern Zak, which was completed in 2002, where oval-shaped buildings can be seen. The former Millennium Dome was renamed and used as a complex entertainment facility The O2.

Parks and gardens

Hyde Park Down View

The largest central park is Hyde Park, one of London's Royal Parks, with Kensington Gardens on the west side of Central London and Regent's Park on the north side. The Regent Park houses the London Zoo, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and the Madame Tasso Pavilion, a tourist attraction, is near. Near the center of London, there are Green Park and St. James Park, small royal parks. Hyde Park is especially famous as a London sport spot and often holds outdoor concerts. Outside the center there are many large parks, including Greenwich Park in the southeastern Royal Park, Bussy Park in the southwest, Richmond Park and Victoria Park in the east. The Prime Rose Hill is located on the north side of the city, and the view from the Regent Park to the Skyline in central London is quite popular. There are several informal, natural open spaces, including Hampstead Heath (320 hectares) in North London. Kenwood House, located at Hampstead Heath, was originally a mansion, a popular place for classical music concerts during the summer, and many people enjoy music, scenery and fireworks on weekends.

The population of London rapidly increased from the 19th century to the early 20th century, triggered by the Industrial Revolution, and from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, it was the largest city in the world, surpassing the population of New York until 1925. The peak of the population was in 1939, just before World War II broke out, reaching 8,615,245. The official population of Greater London as of 2011 was 8,174,100.

However, the urban area of London has spread beyond the borders of Greater London, and the population of urban areas reached 8,278,251 as of 2011, and the population of urban areas reached 13,709,000. According to Eurostat, London has the highest population in the European metropolitan area. The number of people who entered the country from 1991 to 2001 was 726,000. The Greater London area is 1,579 square kilometers, and the population density is 5,206/km2. This is 10 times more than the population density (within NUTS) in other British areas.

Of the cities in the world, the population is the 25th largest, and the 18th largest in the urban areas. It is the fourth largest region in the world with a U.S. dollar base with a wealth of billionaires. There is also a survey that shows that London is as expensive as Tokyo and Moscow.

ethnic group

According to the State Statistical Bureau, according to 2011-based statistics, out of the 8,174,100 London population, 59.7% were white, 44.9% were white, 2.2% were white, 2.2% were white, and 12.6% were other white. South Asian people were 18.4%, and Indian people were 6.6% of London's population, followed by Pakistani people 2.7% and Bangladeshi people 2.7%. 4.9% are classified into other Asian types. Out of London, 10.1% are black, 5.3% are black British, 7.0% are African, 4.3% are Caribbean, and 2.1% are divided into other groups. 5% are mixed, 1.5% is Chinese, 1.3% is Arabs, and 3.4% are other ethnic groups. According to a population census in 2011, between 2001 and 2011, 620,000 white British left London, decreasing to 45% of the population and becoming a minority.

In some parts of London, Asian and black children outnumber white British children, and four or six public schools outnumber them. However, the number of white children still accounted for 62%, and according to a survey conducted by the Bureau of Statistics in 2009, the number of white children between 0 and 15 was 1,498,700. 55.7% are British and 5.6% are from other EU countries. According to a January 2005 survey in London, there are over 300 speakers of languages, and over 50 non-native communities have over 10,000 people living there, showing diversity of religion and ethnic groups. According to a survey by the Statistics Office, the number of births outside Britain has increased to 2.65 million as of 2010, or 33% of the population, from 1.63 million in 1997.

In the 2001 census, 27.1% of Greater London's population was born outside the United Kingdom. According to statistics, people from 20 common countries live in London. The people from Germany had their parents in the British army in Germany. Official figures show that people from abroad who lived in London from July 2009 to June 2010 were mainly from India, Poland, Ireland, Bangladesh and Nigeria.

religion

The religion that Londoners believe in mainly accounts for 58.2% of Christianity. Following this, 15.8% had no religion, 8.5% had Islam, 4.1% had Hinduism, 2.1% had Judaism, 1.5% had Sikism, 0.8% had Buddhism and 0.2% had other religions. 8.7% were unanswered in a 2001 census. Christianity is traditionally worshipped in London, and many churches exist in City of London. The St. Paul's Cathedral, the Southwark Cathedral, and the Holy See in the City are famous, and the Archbishop of Canterbury is the bishop of the Church of England. Archbishop Lambeth Palace is in the London Borough of Lambeth.

The royal event is divided into St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Cathedral. Westminster Cathedral is the largest Catholic cathedral in England and Wales. According to the statistics of the Church of the United Kingdom, the number of participants in the church is decreasing.

In London there are a considerable number of Muslim, Hindu, Sikh and Jewish communities. Many Muslims live in the London Borough of Tower Hamlet and New Am London. The London Central Mosque of Regent's Park is the most important for Muslims living in London. The wealth of the Middle East, which has increased with oil money, is based in Mayfair and Knights Bridge. London is the city where the largest mosque in western Europe is located, and the mosque in Baitul Futuh is from the Ahmadhya Muslim community.

The Hindu community is located in the London Borough of Harrow London and London of Brent London in the northwestern part of London, and there is the Neasden Temple, the largest Hindu temple in Europe. The Sikhs are in eastern and western London, and there are the largest Sikhs in the world outside of India.

The majority of British Jews live in London, and the Jewish community is in Stanford Hill, Stamore, Golders Green, Edgeware, Hendon, and North London. Stanmore Cannon Park Synagogue is the largest single synagogue in Europe.

Kanary Wharf functioning as a financial center with the City after redevelopment

Financial and Service Industries

It is the center of the British economy and the world's leading economic city. In 2014, the total output of the London metropolitan area was $794.4 billion, the world's fifth largest economy after the Tokyo metropolitan area, the New York metropolitan area, the Los Angeles metropolitan area and the Seoul metropolitan area. In the "World's City Integration Ranking" released in 2017 by the Japanese Institute of Civil Studies, it was ranked number one in the world.

It functions as the world's largest financial center, and according to a 2017 survey, it is the world's largest financial center, surpassing New York. The world's largest corporate headquarters are also clustered, and in 2011, the Fortune Global 500, it was rated as the fifth largest corporate headquarters in the world.

In spite of the relative decline of the British economy caused by the shift of the capital economy from the United Kingdom to the United States, London still holds the position of the center of the world economy, starting with the United Kingdom and the European Union. In particular, they have a strong influence on trade and finance. In the City, various financial businesses, including the Bank of England established in 1694, have developed in the area of Lombard Street, which has been developed with close cooperation. The market is one of the three largest financial markets in the world in the London Financial Market, and the London Stock Exchange is one of the world's leading securities exchanges. Besides the City, there are many financial companies in Holborn and Finsbury.

London produced about 20% of Britain's gross domestic product (GDP) as of 2005, and the London Computer Belt produced 30% (US$669 billion, as of 2005) of Britain's largest gross domestic product. London is a city of great importance in the international community, competing with New York.

London has five major business districts: City, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington and Lambence & Sasak. Its importance can be found in the office area. Greater London's office space is 27 million square meters, including the city's 8 million square meters. London has become the world's most expensive office space.

Mayfair and St. James's rent is now the highest and 93 pounds a year per square foot. As London's largest industry, financial services remain, largely contributing to Britain's balance of payments statistics. The City includes banks, brothels, insurance, law firms and accounting offices. The second financial district in London is Canary Wharf, developed on the east side of the city, and has the headquarters of two major global banks, the Center of Europe, the Middle East and Africa of the City Group and the global news agency Reuters. In London, 36.7% of international currency transactions are traded as of 2009, averaging US$1.85 trillion a day. The US dollar is traded more than New York and the euro is traded with other European cities.

About 325,000 people were employed in the financial services sector in London until mid-2007. London has 480 foreign banks more than any other city in the world. At present, over 85% (3.2 million workers) of the workforce are employed in tertiary industries. Because of its global role, it has been greatly affected by the global financial crisis since the late 2000s. About 70,000 jobs are expected to be lost in the city within a year. The City has the Bank of England, the London Stock Exchange and the Rois Insurance Market.

More than half of the companies listed in the FTSE100 Composite Index and more than 100 of the top 500 European companies have their headquarters in Central London. More than 70% of FTSE100 companies are based in the London metropolitan area, and 75% of Fortune 500 companies have offices in London.

The media industry is the second most competitive industry in London. The BBC is an important employer, and other than that, the Center of Broadcasting Services is gathering around the city. Newspapers from many British newspapers are being edited in London.

London, the hub of the main retail sector, had more sales than any other city in the world in its non-food sectors, making a combined profit of 64.2 billion stg. The London Port is the second largest cargo-handling port in England, handling 45 million tons a year.

Bank of England

The central part of the city is Hassha-michi Road, facing the Bank of England and the Mansion House, the Mayor's residence, and the Royal Exchange of Commodities and Financial Exchanges. In the southeast, Lombard Street is lined with banks and trading companies. Old street names and town names such as Cornhill (a hill of grain), Paul Tori (poultry), milk, bread, and Teepside (a cheap street) still remain. The City is the only municipality that has not been approved by the Queen and has its own police. In Fleet Street in the western part of City, there are many newspapers and news agencies, and in the southern part of the street, Temple is the largest legal center of England. It was originally the headquarters of the Temple Knights, but the first Law School was established in England, and it became a place to train the next-generation trial lawyers. There are other Supreme Court and official archives in the vicinity.

The West End is the area to the west of the City, centered around the City of Westminster. Westminster has the best houses in Japan, and its wealth is very high even in a seemingly isolated area. Westminster Abbey, Westminster Cathedral, Parliament Hall, Buckingham Palace, government buildings, the country's largest commercial district, Scotland Yard (London Metropolitan Police Department), most of London's luxury hotels, museums and museums.

The East End is the region from the eastern London Tower of the City to the Lee River in the east. The old place names such as Isle of Dogs, Poplar and Mile End still remain, but officially they are all included in Tower Hamlet Ward. It has a dock zone and functions as a port in London. Since it was a slum area, mainly for port workers, it is also allowed to sell slum improvement campaigns like Toinby Hall. Once known as the poorest district of London, it is now attracting attention as a large redevelopment district of Docklands and Canary Wharf.

As London itself is a huge consumer market, commercial activities are also active. In London, each industry is concentrated in each region. For example, the City financial industry, the meat market of Smithfields, the Nine Emuls Greenery market, which was moved from Staalfields and Covent Gardens, the Regent Street in West End, Bond Street, the high-class shopping district in Oxford Street, the leading medical house in Harley Street, and the ordering of men's clothes are Saville Row (which is said to be one of the origins of the Japanese word "hako"), Westminster's administrative organization, and the educational institution in Bloomsbury.

industrial

From the 19th to the 20th century, London was a key manufacturing center with over 1.5 million factory workers in 1960. Manufacturing has started to decline dramatically since the 1960s. All industries such as shipbuilding, home electric appliance, aircraft manufacturing and automobile manufacturing have been lost. The trend continues, with Ponders' Aesica (formerly Merk and Company) pharmaceutical ending in 2011 and Dagenham's Sanofi Aventis (formerly May & Baker) pharmaceutical ending in 2013.

The last remaining industrial plant is Ford Dageham, the world's largest diesel engine plant in the main production area of body panels. Food and drink production is also available in the Brimsdown Industrial Park Warburtons, a brewery called Frozen Beer Brewery in Chizwick, coffee and chocolate production in Hayes, sugar in Silvertown, and Tate & Lyle, a syrup production. The working population of the London manufacturing industry accounts for only 2.8% of the total working population.

Agriculture

The agriculture of London, which accounts for only 8.6% of the Greater London area, is used for commercial agriculture, is a rather small business form, mostly near the outer edge of Greater London. There are a few urban farms and about 30,000 community gardens near the urban area. The Greater London area has 135.66km² (135,660,000 meters²) of farmland. Almost all of London's farmland is the foundation for a growing culture.

Part of the shared land of Wormwood Scrubs

Many areas constituting Greater London used to be agricultural or suburban farmland, but they still retain old place names such as Ealing Common, Lincoln's In Fields, Shepherd's Bush and Wormwood Scrubbing.

In 1938, Greater London became the first region where the Green Belt (en) policy was used in the United Kingdom, and the Metropolitan Green Belt was introduced to prevent sprawl. According to an agricultural statistics survey conducted by ADAS in 2005, 423 land leases constitute a part of the Metropolitan Green Belt in London, accounting for 0.25% of the total number of Britain. The total amount of land under management is 13,608 hectares, half of which are leased.

Under 10% of the land is used to cultivate organic farming, and the contribution of agriculture to the economy is less than eight million pounds, except for the diversified activities. On the other hand, it has been shown that London's agriculture industry has been dependent on diversifying activities, and one-third of the country's agricultural income has exceeded the national average. The report says agriculture is not important to London's economy, but it has an essential role.

The report says that agriculture is mainly concentrated in the northeastern part of London, but only cultivated land is included (the surrounding areas of East of England and South East England are generally cultivated by grains). The livestock industry has also said that in recent years, they have seen a decline in infrastructure shortages (poor access to slaughterhouses and markets) and proximity to outer cities.

Gardening is mainly done in limited places in eastern London in the southern part of the Thames. In 2004, not only the ADAS survey, but also the survey conducted by Farmer's Voice in 2004, the majority of farmers consider the Green Belt regulation, which was imposed more strictly, as a major barrier to diversification (47%), followed by a high shortage of funds (35%), and both research shows that the common agricultural policy of the European Union is recognized as having little or no obstacle in the diversification. The return on agriculture in London's Green Belt has increased, and in 1999 only a 4% farm in London had increased or maintained its profits, but in 2008 it increased to 27%. According to a 1999 survey, 48% were afraid of the continuation of the project, but in 2008, it was 23%. Efforts to boost urban farming in the Greater London area have also been promoted.

sightseeing

In London, there are four World Cultural Heritage Sites: the Tower of London, the Kew Garden, the Palace of Westminster (including the Church of St. Margaret), and the Greenwich (where the Greenwich Meridian passes through the Greenwich Meridian). Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St. Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square and Wembley Stadium. There are many cultural facilities such as museums, art galleries and libraries, sports events and cultural institutions. The West End Theater, which houses 40 theaters including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library, Wimbledon Championships, and British Museum, is a typical example.

London Museum of Natural History

London is one of the famous tourist spots, and one of the major industries, in 2003, there were 350,000 full-time workers employed in tourism-related industries. Tourists visiting London spend a total of 15 billion pounds a year, with 14 million foreign tourists visiting the city the most in Europe. Tourists in London have stayed at 27 million nights a year. In 2015, London's largest tourist visited:

1. British Museum
2. National Gallery
3. London Museum of Natural History
4. Southbank Center
5. Tate Modern
6. Victoria and Albert Museum
7. Science Museum
8. Somerset House
9. Tower of London
10. National Portrait Gallery

The transportation sector is one of the four main management policies of the Mayor of London, but he is not financially aware of the long-distance railway that goes into London. Since 2007, in addition to the London Subway and bus routes, the mayor has the right to manage the local routes that make up the London Overground. The public transportation system is operated by the London Transportation Bureau (TfL), forming the world's largest high-density transportation network. Bicycles are becoming increasingly popular around London. The London Cycling Campaign is lobbying to improve the bicycle utilization environment.

In 1933, the London Transportation Bureau and London Transportation Bureau were established with the integration of the operating organizations of transportation facilities such as the London Subway, streetcar and route bus. The London Transportation Bureau (Tfl), a body established under the Statute, holds power over most of the public transportation systems in Greater London, and is appointed by the London Mayor, the board of directors or the board of directors.

road

London Taxi

In Central London, a high-density public transportation network works, but cars are common in the suburbs. There are radiation and ring lines on the London expressway. The London Loop Line is the central London Loop Line. As for the suburban expressways, there are A406 Road on the North Loop Line and A205 Road on the South Loop Line, and M25 Motor Way on the M25 Expressway on the South Loop Line. The Loop Line connects to a large number of radiation with heavy traffic, and there are expressways running through Inner London. The M25 is the longest circular road in the world and has a length of 195.5 km (121.5 mi). The A1 and M1 motorways are connected to Edinburgh, Leeds and Newcastle Apon Thanh, respectively.

In the 1960s, London Ringways existed as a plan to build a highway covering the entire area of London, but most of them were suspended in the 1970s. In 2003, Concierge Charge was introduced to reduce traffic in central London. When entering a lot of traffic in central London, except for a few exceptions, a fee of 10 pounds per day is charged for private cars. A driver who lives in the designated section of the admission charge purchases a season path for the designated section and updates it every month. The purchase price of the season pass is set at a lower price than that of the route bus running in the section. The traffic congestion in London is well known, and the congestion level of the M25 is particularly significant. The average speed of cars during rush hours is 10.6 mph (17.1 km/h). According to the first estimate by the authorities, the introduction of a Conjescheon Charge would increase the number of people using public transport, such as buses and subways, by 20,000 at peak times per day, decrease traffic by 10-15%, increase traffic flow by 10-15% and decrease traffic congestion by 20-30%. According to an official, over the years following the introduction of the Congress Charge, the number of cars entering central London during weekdays has decreased from 195,000 to 125,000, a 35% decline.

A London taxi called black cab, which is famous worldwide, is popular as a foot for citizens. You have to go through a difficult exam to be a driver. More than half of the streets in the city are one-way, and they sometimes have to go around. Therefore, the fare of a London taxi that looks high at a glance is not much different from that of a Japanese taxi when one-way and one-way are the same, and the fare is relatively high when one-way and the traveling are different. In addition, a legitimate private taxi without a business license is called a mini-cab (mini cab), which is more common among the citizens because the fare is cheaper than that of a black cab.

bus tram

Newroot Master

The London Bus Company has formed the world's largest route bus network, and operates 700 routes every day using 8,000 bus vehicles for 24 hours, and six million passengers a day on weekdays. In 2003, the number of trips for the entire route network was 1.5 billion times, and it was used as a means of transportation that is more familiar than the number of trips for the subway. Each year 850 million stg is reported as earnings. In London, the range of wheelchair accessible devices is the world's largest, and since 2007, convenience has been improved through the introduction of equipment for the visually impaired such as audio and visual guidance. A red double-decker bus that runs horizontally and vertically in London City is famous worldwide and is popular as a foot for cheap citizens.

In December 2005, the old type of red two-story bus, Route Master, was abolished from the general route. The reason for this is that, in addition to the fact that a one-man bus was more efficient than an old-model one-man bus that was used with a conductor, the open entrance was dangerous and inconvenient for disabled persons. The old model cars are used in No. 15 (Trafalgar Square/Tower Hill), a tour of sightseeing spots in the center of London, where they are mixed with ordinary cars and are operated during the days of summer weekends and holidays. Currently, a New Route Master with three doors and two boarding steps is operated in central London for the use of the rear platform and accessibility.

The Tramlink operates around Croydon, South London. The station has three lines and 39 stations, and the number of passengers per year in 2008 was 26.5 million. In June 2008, the London Transportation Bureau will fully own the right to manage and operate the Tramlink, and plan to invest 54 million pounds in capital investment by 2015. In 2009, all the cars of the tram were renovated.

railroad

St. Pancras station

In London, there are several terminal stations for long-distance lines connecting England and Continental Europe, and they are the major bases of the railway network along with the commuter line in the southeast.

Network Rail, a public company affiliated with the national government, directly manages and operates 18 major stations with many users, and the stations in London are as follows. It is Euston Station, St. Pancras Station, Kings Cross Station, Liverpool Street Station, Canon Street Station, Fencach Street Station, London Bridge Station, Charing Cross Station, London Bridge Station, Waterloo Station, Waterloo Station, London Victoria Station, and Paddington Station to the west, which trains to the north. St. Pancras Station is the arrival and departure station for the Eurostar limited express train that leads to the European Continent, and Paddington Station is the arrival and departure station for the Heathrow Express and the Heathrow Connect, which lead to Heathrow Airport.

The stations of a particular National Rail in London are collectively called the London Station Group. For convenience, tickets issued at stations outside the group are treated as the same spot, and 18 stations on the surface of the ticket are covered by the name 'London Terminal.' All the stations are located in the Travel Card Zone 1, and most of the stations are located so as to surround London City, and the stations are connected by subway. Currently, the stations that are treated as the London Station Group are as follows:

The former JNR was dismantled and managed under the Public Private Partnership. The ownership and maintenance of the tracks and stations are carried out by Network Rail Co., Ltd. (from privatization to 2001, Rail Track Co., Ltd., and this company was broken up and taken over by network rail), and the operation of the trains on each line is carried out by a method of separation of the tracks operated by several private companies. These private companies use the common brand of National Railways, and use the signs that have been used since the era of JNR, and even after the privatization, the business of integrating ticket sales has been provided.

In 1999, there was a train crash near Paddington Station, and immediately after that, there were several serious accidents, and the British railway, especially the railway in London, has become a big political issue. One of the major reasons for the occurrence of the accident was that Rail Track Co., Ltd., which put too much emphasis on the return of profits to its shareholders, did not take responsibility for the train operation and did not take responsibility for the improvement.

In 2007, Eurostar changed its London terminal station to St. Pancras Station, which had been called Waterloo Station since its opening. Before the change of the arrival and departure stations, there was a problem that the trains could not speed up in the United Kingdom because they ran on regular railway lines in the middle section. Therefore, the construction of a special high speed new line (CTRL) was made possible to operate the line at a maximum speed of about 300 kilometers per hour, and the punctuality of the Eurostar, which had been constantly delayed, was improved. In June 2009, high speed railway services in the United Kingdom, which ran between London and Kent Province using model 395 electric cars, were started.

Metro

London Metro

The London Underground Railway is now called 'the Tube,' and its name indicates that the section is limited to the deep underground route and is different from the old one constructed at a shallow depth. The business distance is the second longest in the world after Shanghai Subway. There are 270 stations of the subway system dating back to 1863, and when it was established, it was divided into several private companies, including the City South London Railway, which ran the first subway line. On January 10, 2013, the 150th anniversary of the start of the operation was celebrated.

There are over three million passengers every day, and the number of passengers is one billion per year on the entire route. We will invest seven billion pounds in improving reliability and reducing congestion for the Summer Olympics in 2012. It is said that public transportation in London is in good condition. The London Underground Metro, the world's first open subway, has 12 of the world's largest railway networks. However, the problem is that delay should be normalized. A large elevator is often installed to access the station, but some of the facilities have aging, such as an escalator made of wood, and there are various plans for renovation. The fire at Kings Cross Station in November 1987 killed 31 people. In July 2005, a simultaneous bombing of London occurred and the subway passengers were damaged. Similar to the subway, there are Docklands Light Railway, a new transportation system, and the Links of the English Railroad, which runs through the underground of the center of London from north to south. In October 2007, it was decided to construct a cross rail that would run east-west through London, and the opening of the cross rail was planned for 2017. Since the fare for the first ride is 4 pounds when you ride at the ordinary fare, many people use the discount system called travel card, which includes one-day tickets, and the Oyster card, which includes the discount fare, but also the fare for boarding using the Oyster card is gradually increased. During the 2012 Olympic Games, the number of passengers a day on the subway reached a record 4.4 million. The number of passengers per day is usually about 3.8 million.

airport

Heathrow Airport T5

London is the center of international air transport in the world's largest urban airspace. The eight airports use the name London in the word;

• London Heathrow Airport
• London Gatwick Airport
• London Luton Airport
• London Stansted Airport
• London City Airport
• London Begin Hill Airport

The six airports are the most trafficked and the largest international number of passengers in a single urban area. London Heathrow Airport is one of Britain's flagship airports, British Airways (BA). In March 2008, Terminal 5 opened at Heathrow Airport. The 3rd runway and the 6th terminal, which were in the plan, were canceled by the government on May 12, 2010. In September 2011, the Personal High Speed Transportation System (New Transportation System) started operating and was connected to a nearby parking lot.

The London Gatwick airport in West Sussex, south of London, is handling comparable traffic on short-distance and low-cost airlines (LCCs).

London Stansted Airport is located in Essex, northeast of London, and Ryan Air is the hub airport. Bedfordshire, northern London, has London Luton Airport, which is based mostly on LCC's short-distance service. London City Airport is the smallest of London's major airports and deals with full-service short-distance regular flights and a fairly heavy business jet for business travelers.

London South End Airport, located in Essex, east of London, handles LCC short-distance flights at small regional airports. Recently, a large-scale improvement project has been implemented, new terminals, extended runways, new railway stations have been developed, and so on, and the connection with the central London area is accelerated. Easyjet is now based.

Japan Airlines and All Nippon Airways Company (JAL) are flying from Tokyo International Airport and British Airways (ANA) is flying from Tokyo International Airport to Tokyo International Airport and Narita International Airport, respectively.

Ropeway

Thames cable car

The first and only Ropeway in London is known for its name, Emirates Air Line (Emirates Air Line) or Thames Cable Car, which opened in June 2012. The Ropeway crosses the Thames, connects Greenwich Peninsula with the Royal Docks on the east side of the city, and is included in the Oyster Card system in London.

bicycle

Barclays Cycle Hier's bicycle parking station on Southwark Street. As of June 2017, it has become "Santander Cycle Hier" with the support of Santander.

To enjoy cycling in London has been back in the 21st century. The cyclist can be enjoyed more quickly and more cheaply than by using public transportation or cars, and in July 2010, a system called the Barclays Cycle Hier was introduced, which was successful and was accepted among the general public. As of June 2017, the sponsors have replaced Santander, and a similar service is provided under the name "Santander Cycles (en)".

port and water transport

Thames Clippers

The London Port, once the world's largest port, now only occupies second place in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tons of cargo annually. In fact, most of London's cargo is handled by the Tilbury port outside the Greater London area. In London, the water bus that uses the Thames River is also frequently operated, and is known as Thames Clippers. Every 20 minutes they connect the Enbunment Pier with the Nose Greenwich Pier. The Wooldge Ferry operates 2.5 million passengers each year, often connecting the North Circular Road and the South Circular Road. Other airlines also operate both in London for commuters and tourists.

higher education

University College London

London is the largest center of higher education in Europe, where 43 universities are concentrated in the center of higher education and research institutions. Between 2008 and 2009, the number of students who received higher education was 412,000, which accounted for 17% of the whole United Kingdom, and the breakdown was 287,000 with a bachelor's level and 118,000 with a graduate level. In 2008-2009, 97,150 foreign students studied in London, which accounted for 25% of the total number of British students.

Many leading educational institutions are based in London. Imperial College London ranked sixth in QS World University Rankings (en) in 2011, University College London ranked seventh in the world, and King's College London ranked twenty-seventh in the world. The London School of Economics is regarded as the world's leading social science institution in education and research. London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools, and in 2010, it received the world's highest rating from the Financial Times in its MBA curriculum.

There are 125,000 students studying at London University, which is the largest university in Europe except for the communication process. The University of London does not exist as a single university, but it is a separate university under a college system, and it includes four major universities, King's College London, Queen's Mary College, Royal Holloway, University College London, and many more specialized institutions, Berkbeck College, Courtford Gallery, Gold Smith College, Guild Music and Theater School, Institute of Music, London Business School, Royal School of Health Medicine, Royal Academy of Music, Medicine, Royal Academy of Medicine, Medicine, Central Speech and Academy of Oriental Drama School. The colleges, which comprise the University of London, have their own entrance examination systems, some of which offer their own degree.

There are many other universities in London besides the University of London, and the University of Brunel,

There are the University of Contract Management, the University of City, London, Imperial College London, College of contract management united kingdom, Kingston University, London Metropolitan University (34,000 students and the largest college of science in London), London South Bank, Middle Sex University, London University of Arts, East London University, West London University, and Westminster University. In addition to this, overseas universities such as Seville University, Regent's College and Richmond University are located in London.

Royal College of Music

There are five famous medical schools in London. There are many other educational institutions related to medical and hospitals, such as the Berts School of Medicine and Dentistry London, the Kings College School of Medicine, the London School, the largest medical school in Europe, the Imperial College School of Medicine, and the UCL Medical School, which belong to Queen Mary College. In addition, three of the five research institutes in the United Kingdom related to biomedical research are in London. Many business schools are also in London.

Public schools and other schools

Most elementary and junior high schools in London are managed by national or autonomous communities, but many private schools include historic schools and elite schools, including City of London, Harrow, St. Paul, University College and Westminster Schools.

In order to quickly determine the future course of education in the United Kingdom, there are many schools that specialized in certain fields such as the International School of Art and Design (Boarding School), the world's only international school, London International School of Art (ISCA), and so on.

Accent

The London accent has been called the Cockney for a long time, and in many ways resembles the South East England dialect. In the 21st century, Londoners' accents were mostly different and have become more common, including those in their 30s and younger. On the other hand, the Cockney and the acceptable pronunciation, the arrangement of all ethnic accents, especially the Caribbean, are fused to form multicultural London English.

leisure entertainment

Piccadilly Circus

Around Lester Square in the West End area of the City of Westminster, there are many theaters and movie theaters where the premiere took place, and there are Piccadilly Circus and huge electric lighting ads. It is a district where London's theaters are concentrated, and there are many movie theaters, bars, night clubs, restaurants, Chinatowns in Soho, Royal Opera House on the east side, and various specialty shops. The Royal Ballet Company, the English National Ballet Company, and the English National Opera are based in London, and perform at the Royal Opera House, the Colosseum Theater, and at the Royal Albert Hall, and perform as well as in the provinces.

Knights Bridge Hallods

Izrington is a mile (1.6 km) of upper street running north from the Angel. More bars and restaurants than any of the British streets. Oxford Street, the busiest shopping area in Europe, is the longest shopping street in England with a length of one mile (1.6 km). Oxford Street has a number of stores and department stores, and the world-famous Self-Ridge flagship store. The Knights Bridge also has a famous Harrods.

London is based in Vivian Westwood, John Galliano, Stella McCartney and Manolo Branik. As an international center of fashion schools, it has a reputation as well as Paris, Milan, and New York.

London has a wide range of dishes from many ethnic diversity. Bangladesh restaurants are gathered in Briklane, while Chinese restaurants are gathered in Chinatown, Soho. Other than these, Indian dishes are known.

In London, many events are held throughout the year, a New Year's Day Parade is held, and a fireworks display is held in London Eye. The festival is the second largest street party in the world. The Notting Hill Carnival is held every August on the bank holiday. At the Road Mayors Show held in November, a parade is included, and it is a traditional event that takes centuries, where the new London mayor, who is chosen every year, joins the parade along the streets around the city. In June, the British and British Commonwealth forces will conduct a truing the color to celebrate the Queen's birthday.

Literature, movies and television

London has become the setting of many literature. The center of London's literature has been Hampstead and Bloomsbury (since the early 20th century), all of which are hilly from ancient times. It describes in detail how he witnessed the Great London Fire in Samuel Peeps, who kept a detailed diary for a writer closely related to the town. Charles Dickens represented the stains of fog, snow, and the street cleaners and pickpockets in London, and influenced the vision of the people of London in the early Victorian days. Virginia Woolf is considered one of the most important figures in modern literature in the 20th century.

In "Canterbury Monogatari" written in the late 14th century, Jeffrey CHAUCER depicts the route of the pilgrimage from Southwark in London to Canterbury Cathedral. William Shakespeare spends most of his life and creation in London. The poet Ben Johnson was also based in London, and Alchemist (en) was made in London. In 1722, A Journal of the Plague Year by Daniel Defoe adapted a novel from the 1665 plague in London. The important thing that later represented London was the novel by Charles Dickens from the 19th century to the early 20th century and the "Sherlock Holmes" series by Arthur Conan Doyle.

Films set in London include "Oliver Twist" (1948), "Peter Pan" (1953), "Madam to Todorobo" (1955), "101 Kowachan" (1961), "Merry Poppins" (1964), "Long Good Friday" (1960), "Secret and Lying" (19980), "Love and Winter" (20990), and "Winter Point" (20095). The serial TV series includes "East Enders," and it was first broadcast by the BBC in 1985. London plays an important role especially in film shooting, and has a famous studio called Ealing Studio, where Soho is a community center for SFX and post-production. Working Title Films is based in London.

Museums and art museums

British Museum

In London, there are many facilities, including many museums, and many of them have become major sightseeing spots free of charge. It was first established in 1753 at the British Museum in Bloomsbury. The original collections included the National Library, which was a sample of ancient artifacts and natural history. The museum now has seven million items. In 1824, the National Gallery was established, and a collection of British Western paintings was stored, and the collection was located in Trafalgar Square. In the late 19th century, Albert Police, where cultural facilities gathered in South Kensington, was developed and became a cultural and scientific district. In London, there are three major national museums: the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Museum of Natural History of London and the Science Museum. Tate Britten of the National Museum was originally established as a annex of the National Gallery in 1897. Tate Modern opened on the site of Bankside Power Plant in 2000.

Music

Royal Albert Hall

London is the center of classical music and popular music, and there are many record companies such as EMI, the world's leading music company, numerous bands, musicians and professionals in the music industry. In London, there are many orchestras and concert halls, and the Barbican Center (a hub of the London Symphony Orchestra), the Cadgan Hole (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra), and the Royal Albert Hall (BBC Proms) are well known. In London there are two opera houses, the Royal Opera House and the Colosseum Theater. The Royal Albert Hall can find the largest pipe organ in England. Other important instruments can be found in cathedrals and in large churches. Music schools such as the Royal Academy of Music, the Royal College of Music, the Guild Hall School of Music and Theater, and the Trinity College of Music are also established.

O2 Arena

In London, there are many concert halls for rock and pop music, and in the large scale there are the Earl's Court Exhibition Center, Wembley Arena and O2 Arena, and in the medium scale there are also many venues like the Brixton Academy, Hammer Smith Apollo, and Shepherd's Bush Empire. Several music festivals are also held, including the Wireless Festival in London. In London, there is the first original hard rock cafe and Abbey Road Studio where the Beatles recorded many of their hit songs. Musicians and groups from the 1960s to 1980s, such as Elton John, David Bowie, Queen, Elvis Costello, Cat Stevens, Ian Duy, Kinks, Rolling Stones, The Who, Electric Light Orchestra, Madness, The Jam, Small Faces, Red Zeperin, Iron Mayden, Iron Wood Mack, Police, The Cure, Squeeze, Shadeh, and so on, have gained worldwide sound from London and so on.

London was the site of the Punk Rock development, where Sex Pistols, the Crash, and Vivian Westwood were based in London. Musicians from London since the 1980s include Banana Rama, Wam!, Escape Club, Bush, East 17, Susie and the Banshees, Spice Girls, Jamiroquois, The Libertays, Baby Shambles, The Block Party, Block House, Adele, Caldplay, and George Michael.

London is also the center of urban music. In particular, the UK Garage, Drum Base, Double Step and Grime have evolved in this town, not only from the local Drum Base, but also from other genres such as hip hop and reggae (lege) from abroad. BBC 1 Xtra is a black music station that supports the development of Abang music in the United Kingdom.

2010 Wimbledon Championships - Center Court

The Summer Olympics are held three times in London in 1908, 1948 and 2012. In July 2005, it was selected as the host city for the Summer Olympics and the Paralympics in 2012, and became the third largest city in the world to host the Summer Olympics in history. London was the host city of the Commonwealth Games in 1934. In 2017, the World Championships in Athletics will be held. The most popular sport in London is soccer with 40 football league clubs, including five premier leagues, Arsenal F.C., Chelsea F.C., Tottenham Hot Spa F.C., Westham United F.C. and Crystal Palace F.C.

In London, there is the Premier Club Team, London Irish, Saracens, London Waps, and Harqueens Football Club, which are the top league teams of four rugby unions, but the only players actually play in London are Harkins, and the other three are playing outside of Greater London. Saracens is still playing in the M25. There is also London Scottish F.C., a club team of the Second Club RFU Championship, which performs a home match. Other traditional club teams of rugby unions in London include Richmond FC, Roslyn Park FC, Westcombe Park RFC, Blackheath FC, and London Welsh RFC (which went bankrupt in 2016, demoted from two to nine in 2017 and rejoined as an amateur team).

Wembley Stadium

There are now three professional rugby league clubs in London. In the 2020 season, the London Broncos Inc. will play for the RFL Championship (Part 2), while the London Scalars, based in Harringei London Borough in northern London, will play for the 1st (Part 3) league.

Since 1924, the former Wembley Stadium has been home for the English soccer team, where FA Cup finals and the Rugby League Challenge ship have been held. The new Wembley Stadium, built in the 21st century, has 90,000 people, for the same purpose as the stadium in which they were. The Twikkenham Stadium is located in the southwestern part of London, and at the Rugby Stadium, there are 84,000 people, and the new South Stand is being completed.

The cricket in London has two test cricket sites: the Rose Cricket Ground (the home of the Middle Sex County Cricket Club) and the Oval Club. The Rose holds the final of the fourth Cricket World Cup. One of London's most well known sporting events is the Wimbledon Championships held annually at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, Merton, southwestern London. Other major events include the London Marathon in spring and 35,000 runners run 26.2 miles (42.2 km) around the city. In track and field, the IAAF Diamond League London Grand Prix is held in summer. The boat race is also held between Patney and Mortrek on the Thames.

There are 46 places on the six continents named after London. London's special wards have their own sister-city relationships with the regions of the world. The sister cities of Greater London Authority are as follows:

The following cities are linked to London.

• Ackroyd, Peter (2001). London: The Biography. London: Vintage. p.  880. ISBN 978-0-09-942258-7 
• Mills, David (2001). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-19-280106-7. OCLC 45406491 

administration

• London Official Site

Japanese government

• Japanese Embassy (Japanese)

sightseeing

• London Tourist Office
• UK Government Tourism Agency - London (Japanese)